Cyber Security
Reading โ I:
Parent
A. Choose the words/phrases given below and write against the correct definitions.
| Definitions | Correct Words |
|---|---|
| a. remaining hidden so as to wait for somebody secretly | lurking |
| b. preoccupied with something continually to a troubling extent | obsessed |
| c. the act of looking at goods displayed in shop windows without intending to buy them | window shopping |
| d. bringing down one's feet heavily down on the ground | stamp (stamping) |
| e. deserving or inviting disapproval; absurd | ridiculous |
| f. a set of clothes worn for a particular occasion or activity | outfit |
| g. to turn aside abruptly from a straight line or course | swerve |
| h. eating something hard, steadily and noisily | munching |
| i. look or gaze in an unpleasant and offensive way | leer |
| j. speaking with difficulty, repeating sounds or words and often stopping | stammer |
B. Rewrite the following sentences in chronological order.
ans:
- โขAnuja told her father that she wanted to see her new friend.
- โขShe told her father about her new e-friend.
- โขHer father accompanied her to meet her friend.
- โขHe observed that Anuja was looking like a boy in her new dress.
- โขShe revealed her secret e-identity to her father.
- โขThey saw a car on the other side of the road.
- โขThey waited for Anuja's friend for ten minutes.
- โขAnuja's father shared the incident with his friend.
C. Read the story again and answer these questions.
a. Why do you think Anuja was unwilling to take her father along with her to meet her new friend?
=> Answer: Anuja did not want her father to accompany her because she considered his behaviour too protective. She wanted some independence while meeting her online friend and believed that her father's involvement would interfere with the meeting.
b. How does she criticize her father?
=> Answer: She complains that her father is excessively concerned about her safety. By describing him as obsessed and overprotective, she suggests that he constantly expects something dangerous to happen and does not have enough confidence in her decisions.
c. Describe Anuja's e-friend.
=> Answer: Anuja's e-friend is a girl she became acquainted with through online chatting. However, during their communication, Anuja hid her real identity and interacted with her while pretending to be a boy.
d. What did Anuja's father propose to go with her?
=> Answer: Her father suggested accompanying her to the place where she was going to meet the e-friend. His purpose was to protect Anuja and confirm that the person she had been communicating with was actually a twelve-year-old girl rather than a dangerous person using a false identity.
e. What was the shocking news for her father? Why did they return without meeting Anuja's friend?
=> Answer: The most surprising revelation for Anuja's father was learning that his daughter had adopted a boy's identity while communicating with her online friend. They could not meet the girl because her mother noticed Anuja's father nearby and misunderstood his presence. She became suspicious and kept her daughter inside the car.
g. Why do you think Dhurva laughed at the story of Anuja's father?
=> Answer: Dhurva likely found the entire incident funny because it developed from a misunderstanding. Although Anuja's father had gone there out of concern for his daughter's safety, his actions were interpreted negatively by the other girl's mother.
h. How did the girl's mother see Anuja's father? Why didn't they talk to each other?
=> Answer: The girl's mother saw Anuja's father as an "old man with a big stomach and a bald head" lurking around the meeting place.
They didn't talk to each other because the mother likely misunderstood the situation and thought the father was a stranger with ill intentions.
D. What can be the consequences of faking your identities and bullying other people on social media and the internet?
=> Answer: Using a false identity or bullying people online can produce serious consequences for both the offender and the victim. When such behaviour breaks the law, the person responsible may face fines, imprisonment, or other legal penalties.
Another major consequence is damage to reputation. Once a person's dishonest or abusive online behaviour becomes known, friends, relatives, colleagues, and potential employers may lose confidence in that person. Rebuilding that trust can be difficult.
Online platforms can also take action against offenders. Their accounts may be suspended or deleted when they violate platform rules or terms of service.
Victims may respond to online abuse by retaliating through counter-bullying, spreading rumours, doxing, or similar actions. Such behaviour can gradually make internet communities less secure, particularly for children and other vulnerable users.
The emotional effects can also be severe. A person involved in cyberbullying may later experience guilt, shame, anxiety, or depression. At the same time, victims may suffer psychological distress, reduced self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and even suicidal thoughts.
For these reasons, internet users should communicate truthfully and treat others with kindness, dignity, and respect.
Grammar I โ๏ธ
B. Complete the sentences below with should, ought to or must. Use the negative forms where necessary.
a. Every child should take good care of their ageing parents.
b. If you want to lose weight, you ought to exercise regularly.
c. A: Someone picked my pocket.
B: You must inform the police about it.
d. A: How was the movie?
B: It was great. You should go and see it.
e. We must not disrespect our nation at any cost.
f. You look ill. You should see a doctor.
g. In order to maintain healthy habits, we should go to bed early and get up early in the morning.
h. You must not offend people with your harsh words.
i. We should learn to apologise to people to build trust and cooperation.
j. If you find someone's goods, you should try to return them to the respective person.
Writing I โ๏ธ
B. Imagine that you are Niti, and that you were unable to attend the function. Write a reply email to Sambridhi apologising for your inability to attend her brother's wedding due to an urgent family business.
เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐ :
Dear Sambridhi,
Thank you very much for inviting us to your brother Naman's wedding reception. I am truly sorry to inform you that we will not be able to attend the celebration because an urgent family matter requires our attention and cannot be postponed.
We sincerely regret missing such a memorable occasion. We would have been delighted to join you and your family and celebrate Naman's special day together. Please convey our warm congratulations and best wishes to Naman. May his wedding bring him a lifetime of happiness, love, peace, and wonderful memories.
We greatly appreciate your kind invitation and apologize once again for being unable to attend. We hope you will understand our difficult circumstances.
Warm regards,
Rabin Budha
Cyber Security: Basic Internet Safety
A. Match the words given below with their meanings.
| Words | Meanings |
|---|---|
| a. possession | v. something that you own or have with you; belongingness |
| b. intertwined | viii. closely connected with somebody or something |
| c. integration | vii. the act of combining two or more things together |
| d. avoid | i. to prevent something bad from happening |
| e. sensitive | ii. quick to detect or respond to slight changes or signals |
| f. proliferated | ix. increased rapidly in number or amount |
| g. shielding | iv. protecting something from danger or harm |
| h. promptly | x. without any delay |
| i. authentication | vi. the act of proving that something is real or true |
| j. transaction | iii. an act of buying or selling; deal |
B. State whether the following statements are true or false.
| Statements | Answers |
|---|---|
| a. It is a good idea to use the same password in different accounts for safety purpose. | False |
| b. The teenagers are more vulnerable than any other age groups regarding internet safety. | False |
| c. It is not safe to let the computer remember our passwords. | True |
| d. A cheap debit card is safer than the expensive one. | False |
| e. It is not safe to enable auto update of software in our devices. | False |
| f. We should never enter our financial details on websites. | True |
C. Read the following paragraph headings and write the correct paragraph name (AโH) against them.
| Paragraph Headings | Answers |
|---|---|
| a. Keep your Personal Data Safe | B |
| b. Keep Personal Information Private | G |
| c. Set up Two-factor Authentication | F |
| d. Pay Attention to Software Updates | D |
| e. Be Careful about WiFi | E |
| f. Set up Two-factor Authentication | C |
| g. Back up your Personal Data | H |
| h. Protect your Personal Information with Strong Passwords | A |
D. Answer these questions.
a. How do we try to protect our physical property?
=> Answer: Physical belongings can be kept safe through ordinary protective measures. We may secure our homes by locking doors, fasten bicycles with bike locks, and place valuable possessions in a safe location.
b. What should we do to keep our passwords secret?
=> Answer: We should make passwords difficult to guess by using combinations of letters, numbers, and special characters. They should be kept private rather than shared with other people, and we should avoid writing them in places where others could easily find them.
c. Mention any two safety measures for shopping with debit cards.
=> Answer: Two useful precautions are choosing chip debit cards instead of magnetic-strip cards and providing financial information only through websites that are secure.
d. How can we secure our accounts even when someone finds our password?
=> Answer: Activating two-factor authentication provides additional protection. With this security feature, a password alone is insufficient because the user must complete another verification step before gaining access.
e. Why do you think we should make online friends only to familiar people?
=> Answer: People on the internet may not always reveal who they really are. Therefore, limiting online friendships to familiar people can reduce the possibility of encountering dishonest individuals, scams, manipulation, or other online threats.
f. What can we do to keep our online data safe?
=> Answer: Keeping online information secure requires several precautions. We should install software updates regularly, maintain strong and separate passwords, avoid unsafe public Wi-Fi, and carefully consider what personal information we share online. Important information should also be backed up so that it can be recovered if something goes wrong.
E. Have you ever lost your personal data and information while using the internet? Share your experiences in the class.
เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐ :
I would like to tell the class about a serious cybersecurity incident that I experienced on December 16, 2021. While working on my computer, I suddenly noticed unusual scripts appearing on the command prompt. After investigating the problem, I discovered that my computer had become infected with malware or ransomware.
The situation quickly became worse. My Google Account was hacked, and I lost access to my YouTube channel, website, Facebook, and Instagram accounts. Losing control of so many accounts at once was extremely distressing.
I attempted to reset my password so that I could regain access, but the process was unsuccessful. It seemed that the hacker had already modified my login information. I also discovered that the hacker had changed both the name and icon of my YouTube channel.
Later, my YouTube channel was terminated by the hacker. Watching the result of my hard work disappear in such a short time was very upsetting.
After a sleepless night, I contacted the YouTube technical support team. With their assistance, I was able to recover my Gmail account. However, my YouTube channel was still under the hacker's control, so the problem was not completely solved.
Unfortunately, I was attacked again the next day because the malware had not been fully removed from my computer. This time, ransomware locked my files. It was frightening to realize that someone else's malicious program had prevented me from accessing my own information.
From this experience, I understood that viruses and other malicious programs can steal personal information and cause serious damage to our digital lives. Proper security practices are therefore extremely important.
I learned that we should create strong passwords, use reliable security measures, and activate two-factor authentication wherever possible. These steps can help prevent unauthorized people from taking over our accounts.
Fortunately, I eventually managed to recover my accounts. The experience was extremely stressful, but it taught me an important lesson about online safety. We should remain alert whenever we use the internet and take reasonable precautions to protect our devices, accounts, and personal information.
Grammar II ๐
A. Complete the sentences below with articles a or an.
a. Doctor: What is your problem?
Patient: I have a fever and I feel dizzy.
b. Would you like to be an actor in the future?
c. What a lovely garden you have!
d. We spent half an hour in complete silence.
e. Please keep an eye on our house while we are away.
f. Mr. Napit has brought a ewe on his farm.
g. Ms Sharma's opinion was criticised as having a one-dimensional perspective.
h. We had to catch an early bus to be here on time.
B. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with a, an or the.
a. Could you open the window, please?
b. Did you read the book I gave you last week?
d. All the desks were full. So we had to sit on the floor.
e. Can you play the flute well?
f. You have a lovely house. I am particularly impressed by the living room.
g. The President is elected every five years in Nepal.
h. Do you think that the tourist is from Japan? No, she looks like a European.
i. This is the biggest fish I have ever caught in my life.
j. Bhartmani is known to be a man of action.
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct articles. If no article is used, put a cross (X).
a. Mrs. Paudel went to the school to meet her son's teacher.
b. What time did you get X home yesterday?
c. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces.
d. X Everest is the pride of our country.
e. The Nile is the longest river in Africa.
f. X New Road is a financial hub in Kathmandu.
g. X Aarohan Gurukul Theater was founded in 1982.
h. What did you have for X breakfast this morning?
i. Braille system was developed to help the blind with reading and writing.
j. Do you always play X badminton at school?
Writing II ๐ฐ
Write a newspaper article on "Internet and Cyber Security". Use the following guidelines in your article.
เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐ :
Internet and Cyber Security
By Shiva
March 7, Kathmandu, Kantipur Post
The internet has become deeply connected with everyday life. People now depend on it for communication, education, employment, business, entertainment, and many other activities. At the same time, the growing dependence on digital technology has resulted in a greater need for effective cybersecurity.
Modern internet networks connect billions of people and devices across the world. This connectivity has contributed to major technological progress, but it has also created new opportunities for cybercriminals. According to experts, cyber thieves and nation-state hackers have become more skilled and increasingly aggressive.
Among the most common cybersecurity threats are phishing, virus attacks, identity theft, and data breaches. Phishing attacks often rely on realistic-looking emails or messages that trick users into giving away personal information or installing harmful programs. Malware, including viruses, worms, and ransomware, can secretly enter computer systems, damage or encrypt information, and spread through connected networks.
Identity theft is another growing concern. Criminals may obtain bank account details and Social Security information and use them to commit fraud. Large-scale data breaches affecting businesses and government organizations can also expose the sensitive information of millions of individuals.
Smaller businesses can be particularly vulnerable because they may not have advanced security systems or detailed security procedures. Nevertheless, cyberattacks can also seriously affect major organizations. Hospitals, government bodies, and Fortune 500 companies have suffered attacks that may require millions of dollars to repair. Critical services, including electricity grids and water treatment facilities, face increasing risks as their systems become connected to the internet.
Specialists advise organizations and individuals to adopt several protective measures. These include using multi-factor authentication, keeping software regularly updated, educating employees about safe security practices, creating backups, installing malware protection, and establishing firewalls.
No single security measure can eliminate every cyber threat. Governments and businesses therefore need to strengthen their systems continuously, exchange information about emerging threats, and take appropriate action against cybercriminals. Individual internet users also have an important role because careful and informed online behaviour can reduce many risks.
The internet offers enormous benefits to modern society, but these benefits depend partly on people's confidence in digital systems. Protecting cybersecurity and personal information must therefore receive greater attention from governments, businesses, and individual users. Stronger protection is necessary if we want to enjoy the advantages of a connected world without sacrificing trust, privacy, and creativity.