1. Introduction to Volumetric Analysis
Volumetric analysis (titrimetric analysis) is a quantitative chemical procedure used to determine the concentration of an unknown solute in a solution by measuring the exact volume of a standard reagent required to react completely with it.
Key Principles & Definitions:
- •Titration: The controlled process of slowly adding a solution of known concentration (titrant) to a solution of unknown concentration (titrand) until the reaction reaches completion.
- •Equivalence Point: The theoretical point in titration where the chemical reaction is stoichiometric and stoichiometric equivalents of titrant and titrand have reacted.
- •End Point: The experimental point indicated by a physical change (such as an abrupt color change of an indicator) signaling completion.
- •Primary Standard: A highly pure, stable, non-hygroscopic chemical compound used to prepare standard solutions directly.
Normality & Molarity Equations:
Normality (N) = Gram Equivalents of Solute / Volume in Liters
Equivalent Weight = Molecular Weight / Valency
Solved Past Exam Problem:
Calculate the normality of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.26g of oxalic acid crystals in 250mL of water.
Normality (N) = 0.08 N.