Migration and Diaspora — Study Notes & Solutions
Working with Words
A. Vocabulary Solutions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sojourner | A person residing in a location on a temporary basis |
| Transnational | Operating, existing, or extending across national borders |
| Remittance | Money sent back to home countries by migrants |
| Assimilation | The process of fully integrating into a new host culture or society |
| Misnomer | An inaccurate, improper, or misleading term |
| Confer | To officially bestow an honor, privilege, or right upon someone |
| Dormant | Inactive or latent at present, but capable of future activation |
| Persecution | Systematic maltreatment or oppression targeting specific groups |
B. Pronunciation & Phonetic Analysis
| Word | IPA Pronunciation | Primary Phonetic Sound |
|---|---|---|
| Ribbon | /ˈrɪbən/ | '/b/` |
| Filled | /fɪld/ | /d/ |
| Phone | /fəʊn/ | /f/ |
| Often | /ˈɒf(t)ən/ | /f/ / /t/ |
| Ghost | /ɡəʊst/ | /ɡ/ |
| Who | /huː/ | /h/ |
| Back | /bæk/ | /k/ |
| Edge | /ɛdʒ/ | /dʒ/ |
| Jellyfish | /ˈdʒɛliˌfɪʃ/ | /dʒ/, /ʃ/ |
| Christmas | /ˈkrɪsməs/ | /k/, /s/ |
| Acclaim | /əˈkleɪm/ | /k/ |
| Spell | /spɛl/ | /s/, /l/ |
| Summer | /ˈsʌmə(r)/ | /m/ |
| Sink | /sɪŋk/ | /ŋ/, /k/ |
| Tongue | /tʌŋ/ | /ŋ/ |
| Happy | /ˈhæpi/ | /p/ |
| Wrong | /rɒŋ/ | /r/, /ŋ/ |
| Sun | /sʌn/ | /s/, /n/ |
| Batter | /ˈbætə(r)/ | /t/ |
| Five | /faɪv/ | /f/, /v/ |
| Why | /waɪ/ | /w/ |
| Yellow | /ˈjeləʊ/ | /j/ |
| Treasure | /ˈtrɛʒər/ | /ʒ/ |
| Cheese | /tʃiːz/ | /tʃ/, /z/ |
| Shark | /ʃɑːrk/ | /ʃ/ |
| Thief | /θiːf/ | /θ/, /f/ |
| Feather | /ˈfɛðər/ | /ð/ |
C. Syllable Count and Stress Allocation
| Word | Phonetic Stress Pattern | Syllable Count |
|---|---|---|
| Certificate | /səˈtɪfɪkət/ | 4 |
| Holiday | /ˈhɒlɪdeɪ/ | 3 |
| Zoology | /zuːˈɒlədʒi/ | 4 |
| Photographic | /ˌfəʊtəˈɡræfɪk/ | 4 |
| Geography | /dʒiˈɒɡrəfi/ | 4 |
| Curiosity | /ˌkjʊərɪˈɒsəti/ | 5 |
| Mechanically | /mɪˈkænɪkli/ | 5 |
| Characteristics | /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪks/ | 5 |
| Examination | /ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃn/ | 5 |
| Negotiation | /nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃn/ | 5 |
| Paraphrase | /ˈpærəfreɪz/ | 3 |
| Paradoxically | /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkli/ | 6 |
| Territoriality | /ˌterətɔːriˈæləti/ | 7 |
Comprehension
A. Matching Exercise Solutions
| First Half | Matching Half | Complete Concept |
|---|---|---|
| a. The term assimilation has been used | iii | ...as an analytical tool in the study of migrant integration. |
| b. It is essential to study diasporization | v | ...to properly understand descriptions of immigration. |
| c. The definition of dediasporization | vii | ...focuses primarily on relocating migrants back home. |
| d. Dediasporization for non-surrendered citizenship | vi | ...simply requires returnees to move back to their homeland. |
| e. Some nations grant full returnee citizenship | iv | ...while other states restrict specific civic rights. |
| f. It is surprising that | i | ...in certain countries, returnees are still labeled as diaspora. |
| g. A state's stance on dediasporization | ii | ...ultimately reveals its national identity and policy priorities. |
B. Short Answer Solutions
a. According to the author, what are the three aspects of migration?
The three main aspects of migration are forward movement (emigration), the migrant individuals themselves, and backward movement (return migration).
b. Which aspect of migration is neglected by researchers?
Researchers frequently overlook the multidimensional nature of dediasporization (return migration and re-integration).
c. What is ‘dediasporization’?
Dediasporization is the process where a displaced individual re-establishes citizenship in their homeland, becomes fully integrated into a host nation over generations, or engages with a transnational state network.
d. Why is the role of the state important in dediasporization?
State institutions determine legal eligibility, restore formal citizenship, and decide the scope of socio-political rights granted to returnees.
e. How is the Chinese diaspora in the Caribbean different from others?
Despite residing in the Caribbean for over a century, members of the Chinese diaspora are still widely perceived as outsiders by local populations.
f. Why is it difficult to regain citizenship after returning to the homeland?
Re-acquiring citizenship involves navigating bureaucratic frameworks, proving historical ties, and securing official state recognition.
g. How do Germans feel towards returnees from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan?
German citizens often hold ambivalent or distant attitudes toward ethnic German returnees from former Soviet states.
h. How are returnees’ activities in Israel different from those in other countries?
Returnees to Israel actively claim full civic rights, organize political parties, and participate in national governance.
i. What is the role of the individual in dediasporization?
Individuals must adapt culturally to their local environments, maintain active civic duties, and contribute directly to socio-economic development.
Writing
Data Interpretation Vocabulary Categorization
| Upward Trend | Downward Trend | Stable Trend |
|---|---|---|
| • Grow | • Decline | • Stay constant |
| • Go up to | • Collapse | • Remain stable |
| • Boom | • Fall | • No change |
| • Peak | • Drop | • Remain steady |
| • Level up | • Dip | • Stay |
| • Rise | • Go down | • Maintain the same level |
| • Climb | • Reduce | |
| • Increase | • Decrease | |
| • Crash | ||
| • Plunge | ||
| • Plummet |
Grammar
A. Past Habits with used to / didn't use to
- •a. She used to travel frequently, but now she rarely leaves her hometown.
- •b. She used to be lazy, whereas now she works diligently.
- •c. She didn't use to like fast food, but she eats momo and noodles nowadays.
- •d. She used to keep a pet, but it passed away last year.
- •e. She used to be a school teacher, but she is currently a university professor.
- •f. She used to have a wide social circle, but now she maintains a few close friends.
- •g. She didn't use to read extensively, but she reads regularly today.
- •h. She didn't use to drink coffee, but now she enjoys it daily.
- •i. She used to attend parties frequently, but she avoids social gatherings now.
B. Habitual Actions using used to vs. would
- •a. My sister used to have short hair when she was young. (State)
- •b. We used to have lunch at the school café during middle school. (Repeated state/action)
- •c. My father used to play badminton before developing back problems. (Past habit)
- •d. When I was very young, I didn't use to like milk. (Past state)
- •e. She would call me after class for a quick chat. (Repeated past action)
- •f. My mother didn't use to wear glasses during her university years. (Past state)
- •g. When I was a child, we used to live in a rural village. (Past state)
- •h. On Sundays, my mother would wake up early and visit the temple. (Repeated past routine)
- •i. How many friends did you use to have in grade ten? (Past state)
- •j. My father would always read me bedtime stories before I fell asleep. (Repeated past action)